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渣漿泵和壓縮機(jī)的分類
流體機(jī)械是指在流體具有的能量和機(jī)械所做的功之間進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)化的機(jī)械設(shè)備。流體機(jī)械分為兩大類:一種是利用流體的能量對(duì)機(jī)械做功，從而提供動(dòng)力(例如，水輪機(jī)利用水能，汽輪機(jī)利用蒸汽的能量，帶動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)發(fā)電;燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)與噴氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)利用燃?xì)獾哪芰刻峁﹦?dòng)力)，也稱為流體動(dòng)力機(jī)械。另一種是通過流體機(jī)械把原動(dòng)機(jī)的能量傳給流體，使流體的能量提高，主要包括泵、壓縮機(jī)等。
泵和壓縮機(jī)是將原動(dòng)機(jī)所做的功轉(zhuǎn)換成被輸送流體壓力能和動(dòng)能的流體機(jī)械，其中輸送液體介質(zhì)并提高其能頭的機(jī)械稱為泵:輸送氣體介質(zhì)并提高其能頭的機(jī)械按輸出壓力的大小又可分為通風(fēng)機(jī)(全壓小于11. 375kPRa)、數(shù)風(fēng)機(jī)(全壓為11.375~241.600kPa)和壓縮機(jī)(全壓大于241.600kPa)。通常所說的流體機(jī)械包括泵、壓縮機(jī)、水輪機(jī)和蒸汽輪機(jī)等，而不包括從流體所帶的化學(xué)能中獲取機(jī)械能的內(nèi)燃機(jī)和由流體膨脹過程中熱能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械能的燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)等。本書主要介紹流體機(jī)械中的泵和壓縮機(jī)。
泵和壓縮機(jī)的用途十分廣泛。幾乎遍及工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)各個(gè)生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域，如礦山、冶金、機(jī)械、石油化工、國防、交通和農(nóng)田灌溉等，所以泵和壓縮機(jī)又是通用機(jī)械。在石油化工生產(chǎn)中,其原料、半成品和成品大多是流體, 因此泵和壓縮機(jī)在生產(chǎn)中占有更重要的地位。
泵和壓縮機(jī)種類繁多，按其作用原理可分為兩大類如圖0-1與圖0- 2所示。
容積式是依靠工作容積的周期性變化來實(shí)現(xiàn)流體的增壓和輸送的。其中,活塞式是依靠活塞在氣缸內(nèi)做往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)而實(shí)現(xiàn)工作容積的周期性變化，例如往復(fù)式泵和活塞式壓縮機(jī);隔膜式屬于液壓驅(qū)動(dòng),利用膜片來代替活塞的作用;回轉(zhuǎn)式是借助于轉(zhuǎn)子在缸內(nèi)作回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)來實(shí)現(xiàn)工作容積的周期性變化，例如滑片泵和滑片壓縮機(jī)、螺桿泵和螺桿壓縮機(jī)，以及齒輪泵等。
葉片式是依靠旋轉(zhuǎn)的工作葉輪將機(jī)械能傳遞給流體介質(zhì)并轉(zhuǎn)化成流體的能頭。根據(jù)介質(zhì)在葉輪內(nèi)的流動(dòng)方向，主要分為離心式和軸流式，如離心泵、離心壓縮機(jī)以及軸流泵和軸流壓縮機(jī)等均屬此類。
噴射式也可認(rèn)為屬于速度式，但它沒有葉輪，依靠種介質(zhì)的能量來輸送另一種流體介質(zhì)，如射流泵等。
這些機(jī)器各有其特點(diǎn),適用于不同的生產(chǎn)條件。目前常用泵和壓縮機(jī)的適用范圍可參考
圖0-3和圖0-4。渣漿泵廠家
就泵來說,由于離心泵具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、體積小、重量輕、操作平穩(wěn)、流量穩(wěn)定、性能參數(shù)范圍廣、易于制造、便于維修等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在油氣儲(chǔ)運(yùn)工程中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。在壓縮機(jī)方面，活塞壓縮機(jī)由于其能耗低、適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)和靈活性大,目前應(yīng)用仍最普遍。本書重點(diǎn)講述離心泵、離心壓縮機(jī)和活塞壓縮機(jī)的基本原理，對(duì)其他型式泵和壓縮機(jī)只做簡略介紹。
Classification of slurry pumps and compressors
Fluid machinery refers to the mechanical equipment which transforms the energy of fluid and the work done by machinery. Fluid machinery is divided into two categories: one is to use the energy of the fluid to work on the machinery, so as to provide power (for example, water turbine uses the energy of water, steam turbine uses the energy of steam to drive the generator to generate electricity; gas turbine and jet engine use the energy of gas to provide power), also known as fluid power machinery. The other is to transfer the energy of the prime mover to the fluid through the fluid machinery, so as to improve the energy of the fluid, mainly including pumps, compressors, etc.
Pumps and compressors are fluid machines that convert the work done by the prime mover into the pressure energy and kinetic energy of the fluid being transported. The machines that transport the liquid medium and improve its energy head are called pumps. The machines that transport the gas medium and improve its energy head can be divided into fans (total pressure is less than 11.375kpra), fans (total pressure is 11.375-241.600kpa) and compressors (total pressure is more than 241.60) according to the output pressure 0kPa). Generally speaking, fluid machinery includes pumps, compressors, water turbines and steam turbines, etc., excluding the internal combustion engines that obtain mechanical energy from the chemical energy carried by the fluid and the gas turbines that convert heat energy into mechanical energy in the process of fluid expansion. This book mainly introduces pumps and compressors in fluid machinery.
Pumps and compressors are widely used. Almost all over the industrial and agricultural production fields, such as mining, metallurgy, machinery, petrochemical industry, national defense, transportation and farmland irrigation, so pumps and compressors are general machinery. In petrochemical production, the raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products are mostly fluids, so pumps and compressors play a more important role in the production.
There are many kinds of pumps and compressors. According to their working principle, they can be divided into two categories as shown in Figure 0-1 and figure 0-2.
Volume type relies on the periodic change of working volume to realize the pressurization and transportation of fluid. Among them, the piston type relies on the reciprocating motion of the piston in the cylinder to realize the periodic change of the working volume, such as reciprocating pump and piston compressor; the diaphragm type belongs to the hydraulic drive, which uses the diaphragm to replace the role of the piston; the rotary type relies on the rotary motion of the rotor in the cylinder to achieve the periodic change of the working volume, such as the sliding vane pump and the sliding vane compressor, the screw pump and the screw Rod compressor, gear pump, etc.
Vane type is a kind of energy head which transfers mechanical energy to fluid medium and transforms it into fluid by rotating working impeller. According to the flow direction of medium in impeller, it is mainly divided into centrifugal and axial flow, such as centrifugal pump, centrifugal compressor, axial pump and axial compressor.
Jet type can also be considered as velocity type, but it has no impeller, and depends on the energy of one medium to transport another fluid medium, such as jet pump.
These machines have their own characteristics and are suitable for different production conditions. At present, the applicable scope of commonly used pumps and compressors can be referred to
Figure 0-3 and figure 0-4. Slurry pump manufacturer
As far as pumps are concerned, centrifugal pumps are widely used in oil and gas storage and transportation engineering due to their advantages of simple structure, small volume, light weight, stable operation, stable flow, wide range of performance parameters, easy manufacture and maintenance. In the aspect of compressor, piston compressor is still the most popular because of its low energy consumption, strong adaptability and flexibility. This book focuses on the basic principles of centrifugal pumps, centrifugal compressors and piston compressors, and only briefly introduces other types of pumps and compressors.
